Abstract：Objective To investigate the effect of thyroid lobectomy on perioperative indicators and thyroid levels in patients with thyroid nodules. Methods A total of 98 patients with thyroid nodules who were admitted in the Affiliated Hospital of Xiangnan University from September 2020 to August 2021 were randomly divided into the observation group （49 cases） and the control group （49 cases）. The observation group was underwent thyroid lobectomy， while the control group received subtotal thyroidectomy. The perioperative indicators， pain level， thyroid level and complication rates were compared between the two groups. Results The observation group had less intraoperative blood loss and postoperative drainage， shorter operation time and hospital stay， lower VAS scores at 6， 12， 24， and 48 hours postoperatively， and a lower complication rate （t＝13.827， 18.828， 16.980， 5.337， 2.767， 2.253， 3.453， 3.887， 4.405， all P＜0.05）. Both groups showed a significant decrease in FT3， FT4， and TPO levels， and a significant increase in TSH levels postoperatively， with the observation group showing more significant changes than control group （t＝3.715， 4.994， 11.535， 8.964， all P＜0.05）. Conclusion Thyroid lobectomy in the treatment of thyroid nodules can improve perioperative indicators， alleviate pain， regulate thyroid level， and reduce the incidence of complications.