Abstract：Objective To analyze the clinical effects of one-time root canal therapy and conventional root canal therapy for the treatment of acute pulpitis. Methods From Apr. 2018 to Jan. 2020, 72 patients with acute pulpitis treated in our department were selected and divided into conventional group and treatment group, 36 cases in each group. The conventional root canal treatment was taken in the conventional group, and the one-time root canal treatment was taken in the treatment group, treatment efficiency between the two groups was analyzed. Results In the treatment group, the effective rate was higher, the incidence rate of adverse reactions was lower, the VAS score, hs-CRP, TNF-α, and IL-6 after treatment were all lower than those of the conventional group. The differences between the two groups were statistically significant（χ2＝6.222, 5.063, t＝14.036, 14.471, 15.044, 5.122, all P＜0.05）. Conclusion Compared with conventional root canal treatment, one-time root canal treatment for acute pulpitis in the treatment group has a better effect, can relieve postoperative pain, weaken the expression of inflammatory factors, reduce adverse reactions, has strong safety and feasibility. It is worthy of clinical promotion.